Ultraviolet disinfection system

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention include a vessel having an opening and a detachable cover for covering the opening. The cover includes a semiconductor device with an active layer disposed between an n-type region and a p-type region. The active layer emits radiation having a peak wavelength in a UV range. The cover also includes a sensor for detecting whether the cover is covering the opening.

BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

The bandgap of III-nitride materials, including (Al, Ga, In)—N and theiralloys, extends from the very narrow gap of InN (0.7 eV) to the verywide gap of AN (6.2 eV), making III-nitride materials highly suitablefor optoelectronic applications such as light emitting diodes (LEDs),laser diodes, optical modulators, and detectors over a wide spectralrange extending from the near infrared to the deep ultraviolet. Visiblelight LEDs and lasers can be obtained using InGaN in the active layers,while ultraviolet (UV) LEDs and lasers require the larger bandgap ofAlGaN.

UV LEDs with emission wavelengths in the range of 230-350 nm areexpected to find a wide range of applications, most of which are basedon the interaction between UV radiation and biological material. Typicalapplications include surface sterilization, water purification, medicaldevices and biochemistry, light sources for ultra-high density opticalrecording, white lighting, fluorescence analysis, sensing, andzero-emission automobiles. UV radiation has disinfection properties thatinactivate bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Since mostmicroorganisms are affected by radiation around 260 nm, UV radiation isin the appropriate range for germicidal activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plan view of multiple pixels in a flip chip UV-emittingdevice (UVLED).

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of one pixel in the UVLED of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates a disinfection device including a vessel, a cover,and a UV light source.

FIG. 4 illustrates a package including a UVLED, a mount, and a cover.

FIG. 5 illustrates the top surface of the cover of FIG. 3, in someembodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates the bottom surface of the cover of FIG. 3, in someembodiments.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a system for operating the device of FIG.3.

FIG. 8 illustrates an infrared source and sensor for detecting whetherthe vessel of FIG. 3 is closed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Though the devices described herein are III-nitride devices, devicesformed from other materials such as other III-V materials, II-VImaterials, Si are within the scope of embodiments of the invention. Thedevices described herein may be configured to emit UV A (peak wavelengthbetween 340 and 400 nm), UV B (peak wavelength between 290 and 340 nm),or UV C (peak wavelength between 210 and 290 nm) radiation. UV radiationor radiative power may be referred to herein as “light” for economy oflanguage.

In embodiments of the invention, one or more UVLEDs are used in adisinfection device, suitable for disinfecting a fluid, such as water,air, or any other suitable material. Though disinfection devices aredescribed, the structures, devices, and methods described herein may beused in any suitable application.

In some embodiments, the disinfection devices described herein are usedto disinfect drinking water, other liquids or solids intended for humanor animal consumption. In some embodiments, all materials used in thedisinfection devices are food-safe. In some embodiments, all materialsthat contact the vessel, material, water, or fluid to be disinfected inthe disinfection devices are food-safe.

FIG. 3 illustrates a disinfection device according to some embodiments.The device of FIG. 3 may be, for example, a water bottle.

The device of FIG. 3 includes a vessel 30, inside of which a fluid orother material to be disinfected may be placed. The vessel 30 may berigid in some embodiments, though this is not required. The vessel 30may be opaque in some embodiments, though this is not required. Thevessel 30 may be elongate in some embodiments; the length may be, forexample, at least two times greater than the width in some embodiments,and no more than a hundred times greater than the width in someembodiments. The cross section of vessel 30 may be circular, oval,square, rectangular, hexagonal, or any other suitable shape. The vessel30 may be made from plastic, metal, glass, or any suitable material.

In some embodiments, the interior walls of the vessel, i.e. the wallsthat contact the fluid or material, are UV reflective. The reflectanceof the interior walls may be greater than 30% for UV light withwavelengths in the range of 250-290 nm.

In some embodiments, the vessel itself may be made from a UV reflectivematerial, such as for example, polished stainless steel or any othersuitable material.

In some embodiments, the interior walls of the vessel may be a UVreflective material that is coated on a different material such as glassor plastic, or formed into a film and attached to a different material.Examples of suitable reflective coatings include metals, silver,aluminum, Teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), barium sulfate,oxides, oxides of silicon including SiO₂, oxides of aluminum includingAl₂O₃, oxides of yttrium, oxides of hafnium, a multilayer stack, adistributed Bragg reflector, and combinations thereof. A reflectivecoating may be covered by a protective layer, such as, for example, oneor more oxides of silicon including SiO₂, oxides of aluminum includingAl₂O₃, or any other suitable material.

In some embodiments, the interior walls reflect UV light by totalinternal reflection (TIR) or attenuated total internal reflection (ATR),where the material is reflective but somewhat absorbing, such that somepower is lost when radiation is incident on the ATR material. A TIRmaterial may be preferred in some embodiments for better reflection, butan ATR material may be used for other reasons such as cost, durability,etc. Water has an index of refraction of about 1.35 for UV light near280 nm. In one embodiment, the interior walls of the vessel may be aliner such as a molded polymer that has a smooth inner surface and anindex of below about 1.33 (somewhat below that of water) to enable TIRto occur. Examples of suitable liners include Teflon, Fluorilon 99-U,MY-133-V2000, available from MY Polymers Ltd, and Topas' 8007 polymeravailable from Topas Advanced Polymers, GmbH. Other polymers or othermaterials with other suitable indices are also available. With TIR,there is essentially no reflective loss (reflectivity >99.5%), ascompared to a reflective material such as a polished metal (reflectivityabout 90-95%). The liner is not considered a reflector and may betransparent. The liner may be formed on a UV reflective material, suchas aluminum, chrome, or silver, to reflect any light that is above thecritical angle and passes through the transparent liner. To mitigate theeffects of waveguiding within the liner, the surface on which the lineris disposed (the surface that is protected from the fluid by the liner)may include molded prisms or roughening to cause scattering.

In some embodiments, the interior walls of vessel 30 have a generallyparabolic or other suitable shape to direct impinging UV radiative powerinto the fluid in the vessel or toward another area of the interiorwalls. The UV light source may be positioned such that radiative poweremitted substantially horizontally impinges on a curved portion of theinterior wall and is redirected.

Suitable reflective surfaces and shaped surfaces are described in moredetail in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/820184, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

In some embodiments, one or more surfaces of the vessel 30 thatencounter water may be coated with or otherwise treated with aphotocatalytic material such as TiO₂. TiO₂ may photocatalyze water intoOH radicals, which may purify water by breaking down organic material.

In some embodiments, insulation to keep a fluid hot or cold for example,may be disposed between the interior walls of the vessel and theexterior walls of the vessel. In some embodiments, the insulation is avacuum space between the interior walls of the vessel and the exteriorwalls of the vessel.

A UV light source such as a UV LED may be housed in a cover 32. The UVlight source introduces UV radiative power 39 into the vessel 30, andany fluid contained in the vessel 30. The reflected UV radiative power35 may disinfect the interior surface of cover 32 and the entranceportion of vessel 30. The cover 32 may seal the vessel 30, though thisis not required. In the example illustrated in FIG. 3, threads 34 on thecover 32 engage with threads 36 on the vessel 30 to form a watertight orfluid-tight seal. Any other suitable closure besides threads, such as aclamp, press-fit, or other closure may be used.

The cover 32 may include a chamber 40, within which components such asthe UV light source, detectors, circuit boards, controllers, and otherstructures described below may be housed. The chamber 40 is oftenwatertight or fluid-tight, though this is not required in allembodiments. A top surface 37 of the cover 32, outside the closedvessel, may receive user inputs and/or display information to a user,for example in the form of colored indicator lights. A bottom surface 38of the cover, within the closed vessel and directed toward fluidcontained in the vessel, may include the UV light source and one or moresensors. Examples of the top and bottom surfaces are described below andillustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6.

Commercially available UVA, UVB, and UVC LEDs may be used as a UV lightsource in various embodiments. FIGS. 1 and 2 are examples of theassignee's own UVB and UVC LEDs that may be used. FIG. 1 is a top downview of a portion of an array of UVLED pixels 12, and FIG. 2 is abisected cross-section of a single UVLED pixel 12. Any suitable UVLEDmay be used and embodiments of the invention are not limited to thedevice of FIGS. 1 and 2.

The UVLEDs are typically III-nitride, and commonly GaN, AlGaN, andInGaN. The array of UV emitting pixels 12 is formed on a singlesubstrate 14, such as a transparent sapphire substrate. Other substratesare possible. Although the example shows the pixels 12 being round, theymay have any shape, such as square. The light escapes through thetransparent substrate, as shown in FIG. 2. The pixels 12 may each beflip-chips, where the anode and cathode electrodes face the mount(described below).

All semiconductor layers are epitaxially grown over the substrate 14. AnAN or other suitable buffer layer (not shown) is grown, followed by ann-type region 16. The n-type region 16 may include multiple layers ofdifferent compositions, dopant concentrations, and thicknesses. Then-type region 16 may include at least one Al_(a)Ga_(1-a)N film dopedn-type with Si, Ge and/or other suitable n-type dopants. The n-typeregion 16 may have a thickness from about 100 nm to about 10 microns andis grown directly on the buffer layer(s). The doping level of Si in then-type region 16 may range from 1×10¹⁶ cm⁻³ to 1×10²¹ cm⁻³. Depending onthe intended emission wavelength, the AlN mole fraction “a” in theformula may vary from 0% for devices emitting at 360 nm to 100% fordevices designed to emit at 200 nm.

An active region 18 is grown over the n-type region 16. The activeregion 18 may include either a single quantum well or multiple quantumwells (MQWs) separated by barrier layers. The quantum well and barrierlayers contain Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N/Al_(y)Ga_(1-y)N, wherein 0<x<y<1, xrepresents the AlN mole fraction of a quantum well layer, and yrepresents the AlN mole fraction of a barrier layer. The peak wavelengthemitted by a UV LED is generally dependent upon the relative content ofAl in the AlGaN quantum well active layer. The active region may emitradiative power with a peak wavelength between 260 nm and 290 nm in someembodiments, between 250 nm and 350 nm in some embodiments, and 280 nmin some embodiments.

A p-type region 22 is grown over the active region 18. Like the n-typeregion 16, the p-type region 22 may include multiple layers of differentcompositions, dopant concentrations, and thicknesses. The p-type region22 includes one or more p-type doped (e.g. Mg-doped) AlGaN layers. TheAlN mole fraction can range from 0 to 100%, and the thickness of thislayer or multilayer can range from about 2 nm to about 100 nm (singlelayer) or to about 500 nm (multilayer). A multilayer used in this regioncan improve lateral conductivity. The Mg doping level may vary from1×10¹⁶ cm⁻³ to 1×10²¹ cm⁻³. A Mg-doped GaN contact layer may be grownlast in the p-type region 22.

All or some of the semiconductor layers described above may be grownunder excess Ga conditions, as described in more detail in US2014/0103289, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The semiconductor structure 15 is etched to form trenches between thepixels 12 that reveal a surface of the n-type region 16. The sidewalls12 a of the pixels 12 may be vertical or sloped with an acute angle 12 brelative to a normal to a major surface of the growth substrate. Theheight 138 of each pixel 12 may be between 0.1-5 microns. The widths 131and 139 at the bottom and top of each pixel 12 may be at least 5microns. Other dimensions may also be used.

Before or after etching the semiconductor structure 15 to form thetrenches, a metal p-contact 24 is deposited and patterned on the top ofeach pixel 12. The p-contact 24 may include one or more metal layersthat form an ohmic contact, and one or more metal layers that form areflector. One example of a suitable p-contact 24 includes a Ni/Ag/Timulti-layer contact.

An n-contact 28 is deposited and patterned, such that n-contact 28 isdisposed on the substantially flat surface of the n-type region 16between the pixels 12. The n-contact 28 may include a single or multiplemetal layers. The n-contact 28 may include, for example, an ohmicn-contact 130 in direct contact with the n-type region 16, and ann-trace metal layer 132 formed over the ohmic n-contact 130. The ohmicn-contact 130 may be, for example, a V/Al/Ti multi-layer contact. Then-trace metal 132 may be, for example, a Ti/Au/Ti multi-layer contact.

The n-contact 28 and the p-contact 24 are electrically isolated by adielectric layer 134. Dielectric layer 134 may be any suitable materialsuch as, for example, one or more oxides of silicon, and/or one or morenitrides of silicon, formed by any suitable method. Dielectric layer 134covers n-contact 28. Openings formed in dielectric layer 134 exposep-contact 24.

A p-trace metal 136 is formed over the top surface of the device, andsubstantially conformally covers the entire top surface. The p-tracemetal 136 electrically connects to the p-contact 24 in the openingsformed in dielectric layer 134. The p-trace metal 136 is electricallyisolated from n-contact 28 by dielectric layer 134.

FIG. 1 is a top view of four of the pixels illustrated in FIG. 2. Thep-trace metal 136, which covers the entire surface, is omitted forclarity. The p-contact 24 is smaller than and substantially concentricwith the edge 26 of the mesa that forms each pixel 12. The n-contact 28is disposed in the region between the pixels 12. Except for openings inthe n-contact 28 to accommodate the pixels, the n-contact 28 forms acontinuous sheet, which extends to the edge of the device into n-contactpad (not shown). The n-contact 28 and p-contact 24 are electricallyisolated by dielectric layer 134, which extends over the sidewalls ofeach pixel, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

Robust metal pads electrically connected to the p-trace metal 136 andn-contact 28 are provided outside of the drawing for connection to powersupply terminals. Multiple pixels 12 are included in a single UVLED. Thepixels are electrically connected by large area p-trace metal 136 andthe large area n-trace metal 132. The number of pixels may be selectedbased on the application and/or desired radiation output. A singleUVLED, which includes multiple pixels, is illustrated in the followingfigures as UVLED 1.

In some embodiments, substrate 14 is sapphire. Substrate 14 may be, forexample, on the order of hundreds of microns thick. In a 1 mm squareUVLED 1 with a 200 μm thick sapphire substrate, assuming radiation isextracted from the top and sides of the substrate, the top surfaceaccounts for about 55% of the extraction surface, and the sides accountfor about 45% of the extraction surface of the substrate. Substrate 14may remain part of the device in some embodiments, and may be removedfrom the semiconductor structure in some embodiments.

The UVLED may be square, rectangular, or any other suitable shape whenviewed from the top surface of substrate 14, when the device is flippedrelative to the orientation illustrated in FIG. 2.

The UVLED illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 may be disposed in a package. Thepackage primarily directs light from the UVLED in a useful manner,protects the UVLED, provides electrical connection to the UVLED, andremoves heat from the UVLED. FIG. 4 illustrates one example of asuitable package. Any suitable package or other suitable structure whichperforms some or all of the functions described above may be used. Thepackage generally includes a mount 70 and a cover 60.

The UVLED 1 is physically attached to mount 70. The mount may beconfigured to provide electrical connections to the UVLED 1, and toremove heat from the UVLED 1. Mount 70 may be attached to a structuresuch as a circuit board 52. The circuit board 52 is not part of thepackage 50 and is included in FIG. 4 for clarity. The mount 70 may be,for example, a ceramic mount, aluminum nitride, a circuit board, ametal-core printed circuit board, a silicon mount, or any other suitablestructure. Circuit elements such as driver circuitry for UVLED 1 or anyother suitable circuitry may be disposed on or within mount 70. Morethan one UVLED may be attached to mount 70. In each of the disinfectiondevices described below, a single UVLED may be used, multiple UVLEDsdisposed in a single package may be used, or multiple packages includingone or more UVLEDs each may be used, in order to provide UV radiationsufficient for disinfection in the disinfection device.

In some embodiments, a reflector cup (not shown) is formed in the mount70 or disposed on the mount 70, surrounding UVLED 1.

The cover 60 is usually a lens as illustrated in FIG. 4, but can be anystructure that couples UV radiative power into the vessel and/or a fluidor other material in the vessel. For economy of language, the cover 60may be referred to herein as an optic, though embodiments are notlimited to an optic or a lens. The cover 60 may be attached to UVLED 1and/or to mount 70 by an adhesive 62, though this is not required.

The optic 60 may be any suitable optic, including for example, the domelens illustrated, a Fresnel lens, a compound parabolic collimator, atotal internal reflective lens, or any other suitable lens or optic. Theoptic 60 may create a radiation pattern that is more collimated than theradiation pattern emitted by the UVLED 1 without the optic 60. In someembodiments, the optic 60 is a compound parabolic collimator. UVradiation encountering a curved sidewall is reflected toward an outletsurface.

Cover 60 may be a truncated inverted pyramid or cone. The outlet surfaceof the cover 60 may be, for example, rotationally symmetric, oval,round, square, rectangular, or any other suitable shape. The shape ofthe outlet surface of cover 60 may be matched to the shape of thedisinfection vessel. The surface of the cover 60 that is opticallycoupled to the top surface of the UVLED may be only slightly larger thanthe top surface of the UVLED; no more than 10% larger in someembodiments, no more than 20% larger in some embodiments, and no morethan 30% larger in some embodiments. In some embodiments, a lens orother optic is disposed over UVLED 1, between the UVLED 1 and cover 60,or cover 60 is disposed between UVLED 1 and another lens or other optic.

A solid optic 60 is formed from a material that is transparent to UVradiation at wavelengths emitted by UVLED 1, and able to withstand theUV radiation without degrading. For example, in some embodiments, theoptic may be formed from a material that transmits at least 85% of UVradiation at 280 nm. The material may degrade no more than 1% after 1000hrs of exposure to UV radiation at 280 nm. In some embodiments, optic 60is formed from a material that is moldable, such as, for example, glass,IHU UV transmissive glass available from Isuzu Glass, Inc., andUV-resistant silicone. In some embodiments, optic 60 is formed from amaterial that may be shaped by, for example, grinding and polishing,such as quartz, fused silica, or sapphire. An optic formed by moldingmay be less expensive; an optic formed by grinding and polishing may beof better optical quality.

In some embodiments, cover 60 is optically coupled to only the topsurface of the UVLED 1, typically a surface of the growth substrate, ora major surface of the semiconductor structure of UVLED 1. In someembodiments, cover 60 may extend over and be optically coupled to thesides of UVLED 1 as well. Cover 60 may extend over the sides of just thegrowth substrate, or over the sides of both the growth substrate and thesemiconductor structure.

In some embodiments, only the top surface of UVLED 1 is opticallycoupled to the optic 60. The side surfaces of UVLED 1 are not opticallycoupled to the optic, such that radiation emitted from the side surfacesis lost. Capturing the radiation from just the top surface increases theetendue of the UVLED/optic system. Increasing the etendue may increasethe irradiance of the system and reduce the source size, which may beuseful for some applications. The radiation emitted to the side isdiscarded in these embodiments, though in UV-emitting systems, radiationmay preferentially be emitted toward the side surfaces of a UVLED,rather than the top surface of the UVLED, due to polarization within theAlGaN active layer(s).

In the structure illustrated in FIG. 4, the packaged UV device 50, whichincludes the UVLED 1, mount 70, cover 60, and adhesive 62 (if used), isattached to a structure 52 such as a printed circuit board (PCB). ThePCB 52 is disposed within the chamber 40 in cover 32 (illustrated inFIG. 3). A wall 54 of the chamber 40, the wall 54 facing the vesseland/or any fluid or material in the vessel (surface 38 in FIG. 3) isfluid-tight. An opening 58 is formed in wall 54, so that the optic 60 ofUV source 50 may protrude from the chamber 40 (FIG. 3). A fluid-tightseal 58 is disposed between the UV source 50 and the wall 54. Thefluid-tight seal 58 may be silicone, epoxy, or any other suitablematerial. The wall 54 may be, for example, silicone, plastic, stainlesssteel, or any other suitable material. The fluid-tight seal 58 and wall54 may be food safe materials, as described above. In some embodiments,no opening is formed and the wall 54 is disposed between the fluid to bedisinfected and the UV source 50. In such embodiments, the wall 54 musttransmit UV radiative power from the UV source 50 into the fluid.

FIG. 5 illustrates the top surface of the cover of FIG. 3, according tosome embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates the bottom surface of the cover ofFIG. 3, according to some embodiments. FIG. 7 illustrates a system foroperating the device of FIG. 3, according to some embodiments, includingthe components illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. Not all of the componentsillustrated in FIG. 7 are included in all embodiments. The systemillustrated in FIG. 7 may be housed in the chamber 40 of cover 32,illustrated in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, only some of the componentsare included. Other components that are not shown may be used in someembodiments.

In the system illustrated in FIG. 7, a controller 72 coupled to UVsource 50 controls UV source 50, which may include a UVLED in a packageaccording to embodiments described above. Controller 72 may be amicroprocessor or any other suitable structure. A power source 68, suchas a battery, is coupled to controller 72. Power source 68 suppliespower to activate UV source 50 via controller 72. Power source 68 alsosupplies power to other components, such as indictor(s) 44, viacontroller 72. In some embodiments, user access 46 to the power source68 is provided in a part of the cover that is accessible to the user(access 46 is shown in FIG. 5 on the top of the cover, though this isnot required—access 46 may be disposed on the side of the cover or anyother suitable location). User access 46 may be, for example, a doorthat allows the user to change batteries, or a port such as a USB orother suitable port for charging a rechargeable battery.

A switch 42 may be coupled to the controller 72, to receive user inputs.For example, user may press a switch 42, disposed on the top of thecover in FIG. 5, in order to start disinfecting a fluid in the vessel.Switch may be a touch sensor in some embodiments, or any other suitableswitch.

One or more indicators 44 may be coupled to controller 72. Indicators 44may be visual indicators such as lights, audio indicators, sensoryindicators such as a device to cause vibration, or any other suitableindicator. Indicators communicate the status of the device to a user.Accordingly, visual indicators 44 such as colored LEDs are visible inregion 44 on the top surface of the cover illustrated in FIG. 5.Different indicator states, including, for example, different colors,different patterns of flashing, or any other suitable manner may be usedto communicate different statuses. For example, a flashing blue lightmay be a first indicator state that indicates the device is disinfectingwater, a solid green light may be a second indicator state thatindicates the disinfection operation is complete, a solid red light maybe a third indicator state that indicates the device is not functioningproperly, a flashing red light may be a fourth indicator state thatindicates a low battery, etc.

One or more sensors 64 for detecting whether the vessel is closed may becoupled to controller 72. Sensor 64 may protect a user from injury fromactivation of UV source 50 when the vessel is not closed. Sensor 64 maybe, in some embodiments, a visible light sensor disposed on the bottomof the cover, as illustrated in FIG. 6. Visible light sensor may detectlight with a wavelength between 400 nm and 700 nm. Vessel 30 and cover32 may be opaque in this embodiment. In operation, a user activatesswitch 42 to indicate that disinfection (activating UV source 50) shouldbegin. Controller 72 checks visible light sensor 64—if visible light isdetected, the vessel is not closed. Controller 72 may then activate anindicator state that signifies an error. If no visible light isdetected, controller 72 may activate UV source 50. Controller 72 maythen activate an indicator state that the UV source 50 is on.

A passive visible light sensor, such as the sensor described above, mayinaccurately indicate the cover is covering the vessel in certainsituations. For example, if the vessel is in a dark area, or the deviceis used at night, the visible light sensor may not detect visible lighteven when the vessel is not closed. In some embodiments, sensor 64 maybe an active sensor mechanism. It comprises a light source paired with asensor or detector, as illustrated in FIG. 8. In some embodiments thelight source is, for example, an infrared source, or a visible lightsource. The detector may be matched with the light source. The lightsource may have a peak wavelength between 400 nm and 1000 nm; thedetector may detect light between 400 nm and 1000 nm. FIG. 8 illustratesa cross section of a portion of the cover 32 and vessel 30. The coverincludes a recess where, when closed, the vessel interposes oppositesides of the recess. The recess may be, for example, the threaded areain a screw-on cover. A light source 74 is disposed on one side of therecess; a detector 76 is disposed on the other side of the recessopposite the source 74. The portion of the vessel that interposes theparts of the cover is opaque to radiation emitted by the light source.When the cover is on the vessel, closing the vessel, the detector willnot detect radiation from the light source 74, because the opaque vesselwill prevent radiation from the source from reaching the detector. Whenthe cover is not on the vessel, meaning the vessel is open, the detectorwill detect radiation from the light source 74. In operation, a useractivates switch 42 to indicate that disinfection (activating UV source50) should begin. Controller 72 activates light source 74 and checksdetector 76. If radiation from the light source 74 is detected, thevessel is not closed; controller 72 may then activate an indicator statethat signifies an error. If no radiation from light source 74 isdetected, controller 72 may activate UV source 50. Controller 72 maythen activate an indicator state that signifies disinfection isoccurring.

One or more sensors 66 for detecting whether the UV source 50 and/orother components are performing as intended may be coupled to controller72. In some embodiments, a thermistor is included as a sensor 66. Athermistor is positioned close to UV source 50, and detects thetemperature in the vicinity of UV source 50. The thermistor may detectthree temperature regimes. Below a temperature T₁, the operating UVsource 50 is operating in optimal temperature conditions. Many UVsources are sensitive to operating temperature and experience diminishedUV output at elevated temperature. Accordingly, above a temperature T₂,the operating UV source 50 may experience diminished UV output. When thethermistor indicates a temperature above T₂, the controller may, aloneor in combination, (1) activate indicator(s) 44 to a state thatsignifies the device is not operating properly or the fluid is notdisinfected, (2) increase the current supplied to UV source 50 for alimited duration, in order to provide enough UV radiation to disinfectduring a predefined time period, or (3) increase the amount of time thatthe UV source 50 is activated, in order to provide enough UV radiationto disinfect. Above a temperature T₃, the UV source 50 may be damaged.When the thermistor indicates a temperature above T₃, the controller maystop supplying power to UV source 50, and/or activate indicator(s) 44 toa state that signifies that the device is not operating properly or thefluid is not disinfected. T₂ may be, for example, 60-65° C. in someembodiments; T₃ may be, for example, 115-120° C. in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, a UV detector is included as a sensor 66. The UVdetector measures the amount of UV radiative power in the vessel. Theamount of UV radiative power emitted by source 50 may be adjustedaccordingly by controller 72, for example by increasing or decreasingthe current to UV source 50, or by increasing or decreasing the time UVsource 50 is activated. A second UV detector may be used to detectwhether the UV source 50 is functioning properly. For example, the firstUV detector may be positioned near UV source 50, and second detector maybe positioned far from UV source 50. When UV source 50 is on, the amountof UV radiation detected by each of the detectors may be compared. Ifthe first detector indicates a higher amount of UV radiation and thesecond detector indicates a lower amount of UV radiation, the fluid maybe contaminated with particulate matter. If both detectors indicate alow amount of UV radiation, the UV radiation 50 may not be functioningproperly. Controller may cause indicator 44 to indicate to a user thatUV source 50 is not functioning properly.

A computer readable memory 78 encoded with instructions to carry out theoperations described herein may be coupled to controller 72.

FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of the bottom of cover 32 of FIG. 3,according to some embodiments. A wall 54 seals the chamber 40illustrated in FIG. 3 such that it is fluid-tight, to protect thecomponents illustrated in FIG. 7 from the fluid in vessel 30. Sensors 64and 66 are illustrated by dashed lines to indicate that they areseparated from the fluid by wall 54. UV source 50 is disposed in afluid-tight opening in wall 54, as illustrated in FIG. 4.

The components illustrated in FIG. 7 may be disposed on or in the mount,described above, and/or on or in one or more separate circuit boards,described above. The components may be electrically connected to eachother as illustrated via the mount, one or more circuit boards, or anyother suitable structure.

In one operation, a user activates switch 42. If sensor 64 detects thevessel is closed, controller 72 supplies power from the power source toUV source 50. Controller 72 may also change indicator 44 to a stateindicating the UV source is disinfecting. The amount of time that thefluid or vessel is exposed to radiation from UV source may be dictatedby a timer, which may count a predetermined amount of time, after whichcontroller 72 may turn off UV source 50. Controller 72 may then switchindicator 44 to a state indicating disinfection is complete.Alternatively, the amount of UV radiation may be measured by detector66. In response, controller 72 may adjust the amount of time that the UVsource 50 stays on, and/or the power to UV radiation source 50, in orderto deliver a sufficient dose of UV radiation to disinfect the fluid orvessel. Once the dose is reached, controller 72 may turn off UV source50, and change indicator 44 to a state indicating the UV source isfinished disinfecting.

In some embodiments, the device may include a filter, which may be anysuitable structure through which fluid may pass. Filters may filter outsome or all particulate matter in the fluid, though this is notrequired. Filters may also be reflective of UV radiation. Filters may beany suitable material including, for example, porous aluminum, aluminumscreens, or Teflon particles sintered into porous Teflon made by Porex,Inc. For example, a filter may be disposed near the opening in vessel30.

In some embodiments, the device may include one or more sonicationdevices. The sonication devices apply sound energy to agitate the fluid.Any suitable frequency may be used. Suitable frequencies are oftengreater than 20 kHz in some embodiments, and no more than 400 kHz insome embodiments. Thorough disinfection requires that the UV radiationdose be distributed uniformly, so all of the fluid “see” the UVradiation for a time long enough for disinfection. Sonication mixes thefluid which helps distribute the UV radiation dose. In addition, thepresence of particulate matter in fluid samples hinders UV disinfectionbecause the UV radiation is scattered, and bacteria may be shaded byparticles or incorporated into flocs. Sonication may reduce the shadingeffect from particulate matter and may help deagglomerate microbeclusters such as E. Coli, Legionella, Shigella, etc. by mechanicalforce. Sonication may be particularly useful in embodiments wherelimited UVLEDs can be used, for example due to cost limitations, spacelimitations, fluid volume, etc.

In some embodiments, one or more piezoelectric sonicator discs aredisposed inside the vessel 30 or cover 32. The piezoelectric sonicatordiscs may be in contact with the fluid, directly or through a sealingmaterial disposed over the piezoelectric sonicator discs. In someembodiments, a sonicator is disposed in the fluid to be disinfected. Thesonicator may be attached, for example, to an external mechanicalsupport. The external mechanical support may be attached, for example,to the vessel or cover.

Having described the invention in detail, those skilled in the art willappreciate that, given the present disclosure, modifications may be madeto the invention without departing from the spirit of the inventiveconcept described herein. In particular, different features andcomponents of the different devices described herein may be used in anyof the other devices, or features and components may be omitted from anyof the devices. A characteristic of, for example, the sidewall of thevessel or the cover in the UVLED package, described in the context ofone embodiment, may be applicable to any embodiment. Suitable materialsdescribed for a particular component in a particular embodiment may beused for other components, and/or in other embodiments. Therefore, it isnot intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specificembodiments illustrated and described.

1-18. (canceled)
 19. A device comprising: a vessel for containing aliquid to be disinfected, the vessel comprising an opening; a detachablecover for covering the opening, the cover comprising: a supportstructure; a UV LED mounted on the support structure, the UV LEDcomprising a semiconductor device comprising an active layer disposedbetween an n-type region and a p-type region, wherein the active layeremits radiation having a peak wavelength in a UV range; a fluid-tightoptic over the UV LED; a wall spaced from and overlying the supportstructure, the wall having an opening through which the optic isexposed, the wall forming a first fluid-tight seal with the vessel; anda second fluid-tight seal formed within the opening in the wall toprevent the fluid in the vessel from contacting the UV LED and supportstructure, the second fluid-tight seal filling the opening around theoptic and conforming to outer surfaces of the optic and the opening. 20.The device of claim 19 wherein the second fluid-tight seal is formed ofone of silicone and epoxy.
 21. The device of claim 19 wherein the secondfluid-tight seal extends down to the support structure, while conformingto sides of the optic, and protrudes through the opening.
 22. The deviceof claim 19 wherein the optic protrudes through the opening in the wall.23. The device of claim 19 wherein the optic is a domed lens.
 24. Thedevice of claim 19 wherein the optic collimates light emitted by the UVLED.
 25. The device of claim 19 wherein the optic directly overlies atop surface of the UV LED but not side surfaces of the UV LED.
 26. Thedevice of claim 25 wherein the optic is affixed to the UV LED by anadhesive that surrounds the UV LED.
 27. The device of claim 19 whereinthe support structure is a printed circuit board.
 28. A devicecomprising: a vessel for containing a liquid to be disinfected, thevessel comprising an opening; a detachable cover for covering theopening; and an electrically powered sonication device within the vesselof the cover for supplying sound energy to agitate the liquid.
 29. Thedevice of claim 28 wherein the sonication device comprises apiezoelectric device.
 30. The device of claim 28 wherein the sonicationdevice is within the cover.
 31. The device of claim 28 wherein thesonication device is positioned within the liquid.
 32. The device ofclaim 28 wherein the sonication device vibrates at a frequency between20 Hz and 400 kHz.